Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria for Diagnosis

Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria for Diagnosis BPD Diagnosis Print Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Criteria for Diagnosis By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on July 17, 2019 BSIP / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Diagnostic Criteria Research Assessment Getting a Diagnosis View All Back To Top If you think you or a loved one may have borderline personality disorder (BPD), it can be very helpful to educate yourself about borderline personality disorder diagnosis. Being armed with some information can help you to take the next important step: making an appointment for an assessment with a mental health professional. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The DSM, which is published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the official source of diagnostic information for psychiatric disorders, including BPD and related conditions. For each disorder, the DSM provides a list of symptoms and specifies how many symptoms are needed (and how severe the symptoms must be) to warrant a particular diagnosis. The current DSM criteria for a BPD diagnosis are summarized below. The Criteria for a Diagnosis BPD is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion, as well as marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonmentA pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by extremes between idealization and devaluation (also known as splitting)Identity disturbance: Markedly or persistently unstable self-image or sense of selfImpulsive behavior in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating)Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-harming behaviorEmotional instability in reaction to day-to-day events (e.g., intense episodic sadness, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)Chronic feelings of emptinessInappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms?? How Were the Criteria for BPD Established? A team of psychologists and psychiatrists, who are considered experts in BPD, developed the DSM symptom criteria. Many of the workgroup members are considered preeminent BPD researchers and work directly with BPD patients. The symptom criteria were established based on the best research available. However, it is important to keep in mind that the symptom criteria may be refined as new research comes out. The fifth edition of the DSM, DSM-V, was released in 2013 after many years of research and deliberation by experts. The symptom criteria for BPD in the new version remained the same as the previous version, DSM-IV.?? The Assessment Process There are a number of psychological disorders and medical problems that can cause symptoms very similar to those associated with BPD.?? For this reason, it is important to see a licensed clinician (for example, a therapist or doctor) who can listen to your concerns, conduct a thorough assessment, and make an accurate diagnosis. A complete assessment for BPD may include several components. Your therapist or doctor may ask you to participate in an interview, during which they will ask you questions about your symptoms, physical health, and past and present life situation. He or she may also ask you to fill out a written questionnaire about BPD symptoms. Finally, if you are willing, your clinician may ask to talk to family or loved ones to get complete information on the ways that your symptoms are affecting you. At the end of the assessment process, your clinician will compile all of the information and make a diagnosis. Then, they will speak with you at length about the diagnosis and treatment options. What Should I Do If I Think I Have BPD? If you think you may have BPD, the first step is to find a mental health professional. While they can be hard to find, there are clinicians who are specially trained to treat BPD and answer your questions. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF If you have health insurance, you may want to talk to the insurance company about clinicians who take your insurance and who have expertise in BPD (you should also ask how many sessions would be covered and how much the co-pay would be). If you do not have insurance, you may qualify for public assistance programs or services through your state or regions department of mental health or social services. You can also ask your primary care physician for a referral, or look into whether medical centers or universities in your area offer psychiatric or psychological services. In addition to working with a clinician, it may help to educate yourself about the variety of effective treatments available, including medication, psychotherapy, and self-help treatments. Finally, it is important to know that you are not alone  and that with help, people with BPD lead normal and fulfilling lives.

A Woman s Status During The Roman World - 1448 Words

A woman’s status in the Roman world was entwined with her chastity. The Roman patriarchs saw female sexuality as a threat to the established authority . Female prostitutes presented a particular problem to the Roman belief that the security and prosperity of the state was dependent on both the sexual fidelity and fertility of women. The rightful duty of a respectable woman was to contribute the state by fulfilling her role as faithful wife and fruitful mother. While prostitutes were regarded, both legally and socially, as irrevocably inferior to the rest of the Roman populace, sex work itself was not outlawed. The popularity of brothels juxtaposed with the degradation of the women working in the brothels reflects the ambivalent†¦show more content†¦While Augustus’ intention was to promote fidelity and fertility among the proper matronae, this law further divided the respectable citizens from those involved in the sex trade: anyone who had been involved in the sex trade as either a pimp, procuress, or prostitute was forbidden from marriage with a freeborn citizen. This law effectively prevented prostitutes from any meaningful social mobility. Once freed, a woman who had been prostituted was left with little opportunity to advance beyond the infamy and exploitation of prostitution. That these legal sanctions on marriage were effective at keeping prostitutes in their place is reflected in the archaeological evidence found at Pompeii. Analysis of the names of prostitutes and their owners that survive at this site indicate that all of the prostitutes were slaves, while the majority of their owners were former slaves. One can assume that many of these freed slaves who owned the sex slaves working at the brothel in Pompeii had themselves been prostituted while enslaved. This cycle of sex slave to sex slave owner was shaped by the lex Julia et Papia. By confining former prostitutes to theShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Gender Roles and its Role in Society1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 20th century and that trend will only continue on into the rest of the 21st century. First, it is important to understand how gender roles first differentiated amongst males and females in prehistoric cultures and the civilizations thereafter. During the Paleolithic period (ca. 6 million to 10,000 B.C.E) the earliest of humankind lived a nomadic way of life (Fiero). Men were hunters. They left their families for entire days to hunt, and if they were lucky, could bring meat back. Essentially, theyRead More Roman Woman Profile Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Woman Profile The sculpture that we have observed has been dated to the first half of the first century C.E. This places the portrait during the Julio-Claudian period in Roman history. From the information we have gathered about the time period, the womans style of dress and of the types of sculpture prevelant during the period, we have formed a possible profile of the daily life of the subject. It was determined that the women in the portrait was most likely a freeborn, upper-middleRead MoreGoddess, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Classical Women of Antiquity, written by Sarah B. Pomery1327 Words   |  5 PagesPomeroy, S. B. (1995). Goddesses, whores, wives, and slaves: women in classical antiquity. New York: Schocken Books. Goddess, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Classical Women of Antiquity, written by Sarah B. 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She ended up leading the women in the burning of the Trojan ships and so efficiently deserted the Trojan survivors at the site that would eventually become Rome. Aeneas of Troy is featured in this legend and also in Virgil s Aeneid, as a founder of Rome andRead MoreWomen And Roman Religion And Its Impact On Society Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe female role in Greek and Roman religion and its impact on society Throughout the ancient world, the aspects to which a successful society thrive under have been skewed, except for that of religion. Although a universal religion has never been adopted, most empires tend to follow a basic outline similar to one another. In relation to Greeks and Romans, this ideology still holds true. Religion between these two societies have had their differences, but for the most part they have kept the sameRead MoreDepiction of Etruscan and Roman Women in History1563 Words   |  7 Pagessociety enjoyed a liberal lifestyle in contrast to Greek and Roman counterparts. Etruscan women were adorned with lavish jewels, had a public life and accompanied their husbands at banquets. Etruscan women were affectionate mothers, and passionate lovers. This emphasis is notably unique from the portrayal of couples among contemporary societies such as the Greeks and Romans. This depiction of couples reflects the essential role woman clearly held in Etruscan society. â€Å"Women in Etruria participatedRead MoreBrazil s Cost Of Doing Business995 Words   |  4 PagesBrazil To determine the cost of doing business in Brazil, its future economic status, and business practices, first we must briefly examine its geographical area, culture, and government. Geographical Area Brazil is located in the eastern hemisphere of South America. Its coastal shores occupy both the North and South Atlantic Oceans. It has a land mass of 3.2 million sq. miles (worldatlas.com), one-third of which is the Amazon Rainforest (GlobalEdge). Due to an industrial and agricultural growthRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhat could have been more valued than honor during 1900’s culture in Colombia? During this time period honor, especially in the form of a woman s value based on sexuality, was a prevailing influence of one s importance in society. Although, today one may say this perception of status has vanished and been interchanged by wealth, it is still an essential concept that differentiates one s superior qualities and character in society. This notion of honor is greatly portrayed in the novel Chronicle

Symbol for Advertising - 1383 Words

Symbol for Advertising In communicating, advertisers have a thought to share with their audiences. The exact thought or message can only be shared if oneness of thought is achieved. The difficulty is that thought cannot simply be picked up and placed in another person s head. Thus, a communicator must select some symbols or sign that both sender and receiver can understand the same thing. Businesses, groups and individuals use trademarks, logos and symbols to generate brand awareness in public forums. It will easier for people to recognize a product, business or individual by simply associating them with their trademark. Sign, symbols, and Logos are a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and†¦show more content†¦Chandler writes, Texts are full of indeterminacies which require the reader s active interpretation. We must draw not only on our knowledge of language, but on our knowledge of the world. Thus, readers of advertisements bring with them a surface knowledge of the language as well as a set of preconceived ideas about how to relate the ad to them. Advertising work on a variety of different levels including, but not limited to sign typology, paradigmatic meaning, psychological appeals, emotion, roles, values/beliefs, and knowledge. The impact of an advertisement comes from the interplay between these various aspects of make-up and the reader s own notions about them and the world. For example, the stamen â€Å"Test Your Faith in Nike advertisement, the readers find themselves thrust into the schema of religious worship. Not only must the viewer literally look up to the runner, but also they receive the imperative to Test your faith. The runner pictured appears in the midst of a run and rests easy in the knowledge of his own god-like attention to fitness. Likewise, the runner has no identity beyond his role in the ad. We cannot see his face but it giving him an added element of the unknown divine. People feel cowed looking from a subordinate position at the figure of the runner in his element. The text implies a direct connection between exercising and religiousShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Advertising Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesin a world where we contribute to the prominence of advertising; however, the effects upon us are unknown. Advertising can be seen in the majority of the world, it has gotten to the point in which people become almost completely oblivious to them. People see advertisement in stores, in billboards, television, and even their homes. It has come to the point where people believe they are not affected by these ads but that is not the case. Advertising has various effects on the world such a s educatingRead MoreThe Effects, Real Life Implications, And Ethics Of Emotional Branding1552 Words   |  7 Pagesimages used within advertising efforts, to the point where the product and brand become emblematic of the ideological value. For example, Harris Farm Markets demonstrates environmental values, or Disney World being emblematic of family values. Emotional branding can create a sense of stability and continuity for consumers through the extensive use of themes and symbols within their advertisements. Themes are representative of the concept of an advertisement, and the use of symbols is demonstrativeRead MoreAnalysis Of An Advertisement On Advertising1073 Words   |  5 Pagesads. Because there are too many ads and they may make people feel bored and unhappy. Some ads can be confusing and misleading; some unsuccessful ads will lead audiences to buy something they don t like at all. However, good advertising leads to success while bad advertising can mean failure. The commercial advertise of Pepsi starts with a white boy knocking at the door of a monetary in Shaolin Temple in China. An old monk opened the door, and welcomed a white boy in a monetary. The old BuddhistRead More Advertisers Sell Images Not Products Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pages The definition of advertising is outdated. It was previously, to endorse a product and praise goodness to induce the public to buy. They are now brainwashing consumers to buy their products using images to sell the product. The advertiser’s aim is to make the product look as good as it can through an attractive image. There are statistics, which I obtained from a Dolly Magazine, 16th May 2000, which proves that one out of four people in Australia buy a product because of the image shown in the advertismentRead MoreThe Power Of Advertising Advertisements1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Advertising Advertisements, in the 21st century, are an ever-present medium of influence in our day-to-day lives. This notoriously ubiquitous form of publicity has become so intricately woven into our cultural and societal presence that we have learned to absorb the messages put forth by advertisements, often without any question as to their credibility. We are constantly being exposed to manipulated images of reality within advertisements, which glorify popular ideologies and buildRead MoreEssay on Chicken of the Seas917 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation – Consumers will have in mind an evoke set of brands that they intend to purchase after engaging the above information search. Certain brands of canned tuna will also form part of the consideration set if there is substantial reminder advertising. Due to a perceived lack of product differentiation in general, the most common form of evaluation criteria are price and promotion where brands may be evaluated favorably on the basis of the be st promotion and/or lowest price. Consumers who areRead MoreDo You Ever Watch The Super Bowl For Its Commercials?783 Words   |  4 Pagesits advertisement? If the answer is yes, then you might have been a victim of today’s marketers. Jean Kilbourne, the author of â€Å"Killing us Softly† stated in one of her lectures, â€Å"The influence of advertising is quick, cumulative and for the most part, subconscious, ads sell more products.† â€Å"Advertising has become much more widespread, powerful, and sophisticated.† According to Jean Kilbourne, â€Å"babies at six months can recognize corporate logos, and that is the age at which marketers are now startingRead MoreEco-Label1336 Words   |  6 Pagesto determine the impact of consumer behavior through the eco-label products of marketing. Methodology – This paper reviews consumer behavior and advertising to identify how consumers are persuaded to greener product label. The information are collected through journal reading, and searching from website. Keywords – Consumer behavior, green advertising, environmental Paper type – Conceptual paper Introduction Eco-labeling schemes provide consumers with information about the environmental qualityRead MoreEssay on Advertisings Subliminal Message985 Words   |  4 Pagesreasoning is used a lot in today’s advertising to influence people in society’s thinking, social atmospheres, and outlooks. The vessels used to reach these unknowing test subjects are viewers are promoted through media networks, or popular culture icons. Advertisements! By marketing the same advertisements encountered daily by people. A day to day interactions the viewer become the source through which fallacious reasoning can advertise its message. In advertising the reasoning’s message can justRead MoreAdvertising Is A Multi Billion Dollar Industry1631 Words   |  7 PagesThey often use manipulating schemes, get into people psychotically in order to sell their products. Advertising is a multi-billion dollar industry and the advertising’s study was created so that they can attract the audience ’s attention. There is always an image or a symbol on an advertisement that is able to attract consumers’ attention and shift their interest to appeals and desires. An advertising is able to travel beyond its expectations through the audience’s mind by using a simple piece of paper

Thailand and Hong Kong Religious Differences Free Essays

Compare the religion in Thai and Hong Kong Introduction Religion is a way to review the cultural system of a country, it relates humanity to spirituality. Hong Kong and Thailand have a distinct history background, which interpret the big difference in daily cultural practices. This essay aims to provide a brief introduction of the religion in Thailand and Hong Kong and compares their differences and similarities. We will write a custom essay sample on Thailand and Hong Kong Religious Differences or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will start from the history background and general information to the details of religious activities. General In Hong Kong, people are protected by the Basic Law, they have the religious freedom. There is a wide variety of religious groups such as Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and so on. With 150 years of rule as a separate British colony, although most Hong Kong people are ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has a unique local identity. Elements of traditional Chinese culture combining western in? uences have shaped Hong Kong as a city with mixed culture. Apart from the Chinese and British cultural in? uences, Hong Kong is a free trade port with people from different countries staying there which have a large variety of religion beliefs and ways of thought. According to a Gullup poll in 2010, 64% of Hong Kong residents are either agnostic or indifferent towards religion. Buddhism and Taoism are the major religious with more than 1 million Buddhists and about 1 million Taoists. The second large religious group is Christianity, it has been in Hong Kong since 1841. There are about 843,000 Christians in Hong Kong, most of them are Protestant or Roman Catholic. Temples and churches are omnipresent and ubiquitous on the streets, few of them have been there for more than 700 years ago. Although Hong Kong is literally no religion background, there are some public holidays related to religious festivals such as Christmas, Easter and Buddha’s Birthday. Adherents hold special celebration or ceremonies on these occasions. Those major religious bodies have established schools, hospitals and provides social welfare facilities. Theomania is rare in Hong Kong, religion con? ict has never occurred so far. In Thailand, Buddhism has long been it national religion, about 95% of Thais are Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. In fact, there is no of? ial state religion in the Thai constitution, people are guaranteed to have religious freedom. However, Buddhism has spread widely in Thailand since 3rd century BC, it led the Buddha’s teachings becoming very famous. There is no of? cial state religion in the Thai constitution, which guarantees religious freedom for all Thai citizens, though the king is required by law to be Buddhist. According to the last census (2000) 94. 6% of Thais are Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. Muslims are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4. 6%. There are more than 600 temples in the HKSAR. [5] The history of some of these temples can be traced back to more than 700 years ago, while some others have been built in recent years. Notable temples include the Wong Tai Sin Temple located in the Wong Tai Sin District in Kowloon. This popular temple is dedicated to the Taoist deity, Wong Tai Sin. Besides that, the Chi Lin Nunnery in Diamond Hill is a group of temple structures in the Tang Dynasty’s architectural style. It is now open to the public following the completion of its redevelopment in 2000. How to cite Thailand and Hong Kong Religious Differences, Essay examples

Valuing Patents Commercialization Toward -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Valuing Patents Commercialization Toward? Answer: Introduction Gap analysis, in the words of management literature, is a comparison between the actual performances of the company with the potential or desired performance. The ability of any organization to use its resources, investments in capitals, and technology in the best way possible determines compliance between desired and actual performance. if any company does not utilizes the above mentioned resources in a proper way, a gap between desired and actual performance is found and analysis of such gap is known as Gap Analysis (van Ittersum et al., 2013). This assignment is going to describe the gaps found in the nationally recognized universities help desk facility and their capabilities. Current state of organization The university is state recognized and therefore, it has a large pool of students registering every year for different courses. The college help desk runs 24X7 and has a multiple IT desk for helping different students. The help desk collects reports and records data of each student and their complaint however, they use obsolete mechanism to store the data such as emails or call volumes (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). The organization administration completely depends on Microsoft office service for the conduction of their daily official works. Students are utilized in rotational shifts and the help desk authority is not trained in their work. However, the other departments of the organization are performing well and hence; gap analysis was performed based on help desk and its capabilities (Czegel, 2015). Desired state of the organization A committee namely help desk committee was set up in the leadership of the director of communication and technology and the purpose of this committee was to set up gap analysis and understand the desired state of the organization. As the organization was serving a diverse pool of students, it is the responsibility of the organization to provide the students with a premier educational and research institution environment. The desired state of the organization is lowered and controlled risk and budget of the helpdesk, higher focus on the research and development section and implementing advanced technology in the institute to make historic changes (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). Existing performance deficiencies To find out the existing gap in the organization, the help desk committee visited four centers in the organization, such as College of Engineering, administrative computing service, network operations centre and network and client services. The gap, which was identified by the help desk committee, represents opportunities for the university to lower the operational costs and to improving the service and productivity. The gaps were lack of expertise in the help desk, lack of management data reporting, multiple Tier 1 help desk, very weak Asset Management and Limited tools or technology used in the research and development (Mineraud et al., 2016). Evaluation of the existing resources The organization has the capability to mend the gaps thorough the usage of its existing resources. The organization can finish the help desk related problems by responding to the problems through program driven responses. The organization has primitive machineries in the call-networking unit, which is in reactive mode. Changing this department into proactive mode can help to change the image of the department. The organization can use remote diagnostic and monitoring tools to temporarily fasten the service, as technological changes need research and development (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). Alternatives that are available to eliminate the gap To mend the gap present in the data reporting management, the committee recommended establishing key performance indicators to align the business objectives and the expectations of students. These KPIs were established to measure the current performance organization against the best service. As the students had multiple numbers of options while having an IT related issue, the committee recommended setting up three different level of support that is tier 1, tier 2 and tier 3. This would help students to share their problems while seeking assistance from the help desk (McAfee, Brynjolfsson Davenport, 2012). To combat with the third problem that is the lack of help desk expertise, committee recommended training programs and skill improvement program. To mend the lack of technology in the research and development program, self-planning and self-learning opportunities were created. Performance management strategies There are different performance management strategies available for the university. The first strategy was to improve the helpdesk system by providing training to the employees. This is important as without expertise in related field, they wound not be able to fulfill student requirement. For example, Google is a multinational organization that provided training to its employees to mend the gaps present in the organization performance. Further dividing the help desk related problems in three tiers will help students to identify the level of their problem and associated department to seek help. The organization can seek sponsorship from government or private organizations for research and development as it can pull multinational students into the institution, which can provide revenue for the technological changes (Cummings Worley, 2014). Furthermore, the organization can increase the level of automation to decrease the expertise related problem in the organization. Substantial rationale The university is nationally recognized and the number of students associated with it is form different regions of the country. Therefore, the helpdesk system and capability should be compact and punctual. However, as per the gap analysis, there are lack of technology, expertise, training and understanding of the level of problem. Furthermore the organization uses obsolete databases to store its information, that is the prime reason if the loss of data. Therefore, the recommendations provided in the assignment are correct and compact to change the future implications of the help desk department of the organization. The University of Tampa did such changes in its help desk changes to ame3nd the financial loss and therefore, these recommendations are rationally correct (Sanberg et al., 2014). Conclusion Finally, it can be said that for any organization, understanding its gaps are of big importance as it can help the employees and the authorities to understand the level of hard work and technology required to achieve success. This assignment completed the gap analysis of a nationally recognized university and found several gaps in the help desk and its capabilities. Further, a committee was developed to find the gaps and recommend possible changes that can change the loss of the university in profits. The assignment also provided the performance management strategies and then provided rationale for it. This gap analysis helped the organization to find out the mistakes within the organization and a way to change those mistakes. References Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change, 10th Edn, pp: 256-279, Cengage learning. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=IuXKAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=How+sponsorship+can+change+the+organization+ots=WMMycRAhpisig=zfNmSP0R6g5ewYkd9LDXRiDuhjU#v=onepageq=How%20sponsorship%20can%20change%20the%20organizationf=false Czegel, B. (2015).Help desk practitioner's handbook, 1st Edn, pp. 12-34, John Wiley Sons. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=iJehCQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT14dq=why+help+desk+should+work+properly+ots=-WQKJPighssig=mdLMNr5XFtGuIRJUTv_ZSWULqlU#v=onepageq=why%20help%20desk%20should%20work%20properlyf=false McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H. (2012). Big data: the management revolution.Harvard business review,90(10), 60-68. Mineraud, J., Mazhelis, O., Su, X., Tarkoma, S. (2016). A gap analysis of Internet-of-Things platforms.Computer Communications,89, 5-16. Performance Gap Analysis. (2018).Wayback Machine.Web.archive.org. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20110124155440/https://www.p4performance.com/ITHelpDeskCaseStudy.pdf Sanberg, P. R., Gharib, M., Harker, P. T., Kaler, E. W., Marchase, R. B., Sands, T. D., ... Sarkar, S. (2014). Changing the academic culture: Valuing patents and commercialization toward tenure and career advancement.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(18), 6542-6547. Van Ittersum, M. K., Cassman, K. G., Grassini, P., Wolf, J., Tittonell, P., Hochman, Z. (2013). Yield gap analysis with local to global relevancea review.Field Crops Research,143, 4-17.

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas free essay sample

Bruno uses the metaphor of the ‘leaking boat’ to remind Maria that everyone is stuck in a hopeless situation. They should work as a team to face the same problems that come about Maria defends Bruno’s father because he has provided her with a home and living. She feels indebted to father. Bruno begins to see Maria as an individual person. He begins to see that she must have a life outside of her relationship to his family. Bruno learns that Pavel was a doctor before he came to Out-With. Pavel explains that he wanted to be a doctor his whole life. Bruno also suspects that Pavel wore a beard at some point. When Pavel says, â€Å"Just because a man glances up at the sky at night does not make him an astronomer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is trying to imply that Although Bruno believes mother is trying to take credit for Pavel’s caretaking, she is actually protecting Pavel from harm if the soldiers discover that he initiated interaction and conversation with Bruno. We will write a custom essay sample on The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pavel is very courteous and respectful to Bruno as shown when he calls him, â€Å"young man†, unlike Kotler who is quite in`solent and disrespectful to Bruno when he calls him â€Å"little man†, which may also suggest he is  referring  to him as small and insignificant. Mother goes up to him and kisses him on the cheek and comments on the fineness of the fabric  that the uniform is made from. She later compliments her husband for looking ‘very handsome in his  new uniform’. Grandfather too, is supportive of his son’s military occupation and is proud thathe has been ‘elevated  to such a responsible position’. He praises his son saying that it makes him ‘proud’ that the country’s pride is being reclaimed. Grandmother is  unimpressed by her son’s  appearance and recent promotion. Her son’s loyalty to the Nazi caused a huge disappointment to her. Grandmother thinks that her  son has become so involved in  his military activities and enthusiasm to develop in his career that he doesn’t see that he has been  manipulated by the  Nazis –like a puppet on  a string’- into doing terrible things and not ‘caring’ about their implications. Her husband is bitter and angry about the suffering that the  Germans had to face after the Great War and is also focused on reclaiming the pride of the country. Her daughter-in-law is focused on how smart and handsome her husband looks. However, in Grandmother’s mind, what is ‘of importance’ is  the widespread suffering that the Nazis have  caused. Grandmother expresses her strong opposition to her son’s occupation,  accusing him of ‘not even caring’ about the consequences his job brings. Grandmother  recognises the harm that the Nazis have inflicted on the world- ‘doing the terrible, terrible things you do’.

buy custom Reasons for the Decrease in Russian Population essay

buy custom Reasons for the Decrease in Russian Population essay The latest demographic statistics about the population of Russia has raised intense discussion from demographers, media and the policy stakeholders. This is particularly because of the accelerating rates of population decline that Russia is experiencing. Although this decline has been underway since the breakup of the Soviet Union that took place almost a decade ago, the recent decline is particularly alarming. Russian population decreased by approximately 4.3 million to almost 144 million in January 2002 (Kuchins 119-121). The relative speed of natural decrease and declining immigration rates in Russia seem to have increased from 1998. The general decline in Russian population has been caused by a myriad of factors. These include the poor health-care systems, alcoholism, poverty levels and unemployment factors in Russia. In order to understand the demographic realities of Russia, exploration of these variables is an essential undertaking. This paper thus seeks to discuss the reasons behind the continued decline of the Russian population. In so doing, this work will tend to focus majorly on the medical/health aspects in a bid to explain this alarming demographic trend. This will, however, be linked to unemployment levels, alcoholism, healthcare standards and poverty in Russia. The conclusion of this work will be on the projections on the prospects of change of this phenomenon in the future. Deteriorating Health and Implication on Russian Population The declining health status in Russia is in part to blame for the decrease in its population. Most demographers concede that the most genuine reason for the decline in the Russian population is the dramatic rise in mortality rates. This is more evident among the working-age men. For example, in the early 1990s, Russia registered an unusual increase in the number of deaths that mostly occurred from unnatural causes (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 497). Demographics for Russia are surprising as it indicates that by 1994, the mortality rates for the males in Russia aged between 15 and 64 years was about two times higher than it was in 1986. In fact, according to the World Population Council (WPC), Russia currently has the lowest life expectancy, especially for males, among the developed countries. This stands at 58 years. This presents the largest disparity in the life expectancy of 13.5 years when males are compared to females on the same variable, all factors held constant (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 497). The health-care system of Russia is a major contribution to the declining national population as a result of high mortality rates. This is particularly so for the deaths that is caused by preventable infections and diseases. The problems with the Russian health-care system have accumulated over a long period of time. The Soviet period was characterized by reluctance to initiate incentives towards improving the medical services. The occurrence of the changes in the health-care system of Russia set in at a time when the Russian government was ill prepared to adapt and adjust its health-care system accordingly (Uhlenberg 127). Excessive focus on ideology at the expense of development of effective goals to address the medical problems that persisted in Russia even as its health-care system became impoverished worsened the state of health-care system in the country. There was thus lack of proper investment in medical facilities and equipments that were necessary to address the medical concerns of the country. As a result, the health-care system further slumped into degradation. The health-care system of Russia remains a key contributor to the increase in mortality rates in the country (Uhlenberg 127-128). This is because in its current status, the system is too ineffective to address the medical and healthcare needs of the population. Cost cutting occasioned by the crumbled Russian economy has greatly plunged the health-care system into a mess that is complicated to clean up. Because of poor health-care system in Russia, the health status of the Russian population is on an alarming decline rate (Uhlenberg 127). Diseases that were initially thought to be controllable or can be eliminated such as diphtheria are again on the increase threatening the life of the Russian population. The Russian governments initiative to save the health-care system from financial crisis and poor services has not yielded much. For example, the decision to privatize health services only fueled the crisis. Uhlenberg (128) cited that the established compulsory health insurance that is supposed to be financed through taxes has not worked because of the high poverty levels, high rates of unemployment, and the unwillingness of Russians to pay for the healthcare services since they were already used to free healthcare services. This has rendered many Russians unable to access medical and healthcare services. In the long run, diseases and illnesses that could be prevented or treated have ended up killing many. The health conditions of the Russian rural population are deplorable and lamentable. It is very unfortunate that the annual mortality rates reported are increasing because of the poor health-care system in the countryside. Manning and Tichonova (177) reports that the rural population in Russia is more vulnerable and exposed to the risk of death because of the inaccessibility of the health facilities. The facilities that are locally available are under-equipped, under-staffed or just too expensive for the people to access healthcare. As a result, when one falls sick in the Russian countryside, the probability that such persons may die before their health issues are attended to by a medical specialist is very high. In their interview with the rural population, Manning and Tichonova (177-188) cited that only a third of the respondents had had a complete medical check between 1969 and 1989. This is contrary to the situation in the urban centres. The urban population is more able to access medical and healthcare services. Although the challenge of cost of healthcare still persists in the urban centers, the Russian urban population is less exposed to the risk of death resulting from poor healthcare compared to the ural population. Therefore, one who is sick in the village is at a higher health and medical risk than the urban population. Diseases and High Mortality rates in Russia The immediate consequence of the dilapidation of the Russian health-care system is the rise in infections and diseases. Statistics about disease infection rates in Russia are alarming and loudly voice the reasons for the declining Russian population that remains alarming. For example, approximately 15% of couples in Russia are infertile (BBC News, 2000). Another 75% of Russian women are experiencing very chronic and severe medical problems in the course of pregnancy (BBC News, 2000). These figures explain the reason for the low fertility rates in Russia. The demographic implication of low low fertility rates and high mortality rates is generally a decline in the total population. The fertility rate of Russia in 1999 was 1.17 (BBC News, 2000), (Fertility rate is the average number of children that a woman aged 15 and 49 has). This demographic equation is sadly real and sensible in Russia. Besides, Sexually Transmitted Diseases have taken a toll in Russia. These include syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 500). The rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Russia is estimated to be one of the highest across the globe. The vulnerable populations such as drug users, homosexuals, prostitutes, do not take HIV/AIDS tests because of the confidentiality concerns. As a result, the disease has spread and become the leading Russian killer disease. The problem is further compounded by the poor health-care system that is lacking in facilities and equipments. The public health facilities lack hypodermic syringes that are disposable. This results in repeated use of needles that are unsterilized. Tulchinsky and Varavikova (497-501) cited that many patients thus contract HIV/AIDS and other diseases and die of the same. This, too, contributes to high mortality and decline in the Russian population. The implication of a high toll of infections in Russia is unfortunate. It is unfortunate in the sense that most of these infections affect the quality of the babies that are born. This is because the health of the babies is put at risk. The infections contribute towards the high infant mortality rates in Russia. The optimism for reversal of the downward demographic trend in Russia is thus gone especially because there is no hope for fertile women in future. As infection rates continue to soar, the population in Russia continues to be put at risk of further decline. Perhaps this explains the stable decline in the Russian population (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 497). Tuberculosis is a historical problem in Russia. The rate of TB infection rose to alarming levels in the early 1990s. Fueled by poor health-care system, the former Soviet Union country has lost so many people due to TB infections. The most vulnerable populations have been the drug addicts, alcoholics, the poor and the unemployed and the inmates. Thus poor health system has promoted the spread of diseases that were initially preventable and curable. Lives have been lost and more are still at risk of dying as a result of such diseases as tuberculosis. This adds to the already soaring mortality rates and thus contributes to more decline in the Russian population. Alcoholism and the Declining Russian Population In considering the factors that have contributed to high mortality rates in Russia alcoholism and other drug abuse is listed. Increased alcohol consumption in Russia contributes to the high mortality rates of the working-age population (Uhlenberg 120). According to the studies conducted on labor related accidents and disasters in Russia, the prime cause of some of the accidents is alcoholism. The employees who work with machines often report to work under the influence of alcohol. This makes them vulnerable to accidents and incidents that are caused by omissions and commissions resulting from negligence and lack of concentration. Alcohol is responsible for the high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and other STIs that account for a significant percentage of mortality rates in Russia. Alcohol contributes majorly to the mortality of the Russian male population. The anti-alcoholism campaign that was launched in the early 1990s contributed to improvement of the life expectancy of the Russian male population (Uhlenberg 120-121). So serious was the problem of alcoholism in Russia that the government had to intervene to secure its population from the soaring mortality rates that were majorly a consequence of alcoholism. Uhlenberg (120) observed, as many other experts equally did, that the relatively smaller increase in the life expectancy of the Russian population in 2006 was partly because of the active campaigns launched by the government that led to a reduction in the levels of alcohol consumption. The high rates of alcoholism in Russia is to blame for the increase in cardiovascular infections that has further cut short the life of many people especially the working-age population. This further contributed to high mortality rates resulting from heart-related infections and diseases that, given the dilapidated health-care system in Russia, only worsened and sealed the fate of victims to death (Uhlenberg 120). Alcoholism has thus greatly contributed towards the demographic fiasco that Russia is grappling with. The excessive levels of alcoholism among the male Russian population further contribute to the decline in the national population given that this phenomenon directly impedes the stability of the family. The age of the male population that is addicted to alcoholism is the working-age cohort. This implies that most households are rendered unable to meet the cost of living as women struggle with bringing up children. Child-bearing is thus avoided as women shy away from the burden of bringing up large families single-handedly. Besides, excessive alcoholism also limits the reproductive health, performance and activity of the Russian male population. These factors contribute significantly to the low fertility rate that is evident in the Russian demographics. Unemployment and Decline in Russian Population Unemployment is a factor that is directly connected to the realities of the demographics of any given population. This is the fact even with Russia. Thus unemployment can be used as significant variable in the study of the factors that contribute to the steady decline of the Russian population (Marshalle 64). Unemployment directly translates to poverty and lower family income. In Russia, the greatest percentage of the population that can be assumed to be actively productive lack employment. As a result, the dependency ratio is average by figure but in reality very alarming. The men who head the households who are also expected to be the breadwinners for such households are given to chronic levels of alcoholism as a defense mechanism against the harsh reality of the poverty and unemployment levels in Russia. Unemployment rates generally relates to poverty levels or poverty index of any state. This implies that the high levels of unemployment in Russia also translates to increased poverty in Russia. The reality of this phenomenon is unfortunate but directly leads population change in Russia (Marshalle 64-65). It can be used to explain the rising levels of population decline in Russia. As households in Russia become more and more impoverished and deprived in terms of access to reliable and stable source of income, the fertility rates decline. The decline in fertility rates leads to population decline since already there is high mortality rates in Russia that is occasioned with poor health-care facilities and the surge in the spread of infectious and terminal diseases in this country. All these factors contribute to the rise of the levels of negative population change in Russia (Marshalle 64). The statistics about the status of employment in Russia is alarming. For example, in the year 2007, approximately 4.6 million Russians were officially reported to be unemployed and lacked a stable and reliable source of income. This figure rose further to 6.4 million people in the year 2009 (Marshalle 64). Besides, the quality of employment has also declined for those who can be considered to be productively employed and economically active. These rates are temporal because as more global economic challenges hit hard, more and more sections of the Russian population are rendered unemployed and become dependents. In such scenarios, no single household will bear the burden of having more than two children. Even those that can be said to be employed limit the number of children because of the fear of cost of raising up a large family. Not more than 15% of university graduates have decent jobs in their areas of specialized training (Marshalle 74). Most of these graduates and the young professionals in Russia work out of their areas of specialization because of the low income and the high levels of unemployment in Russia. These directly inhibit positive population growth from the gross national increase and other factors such as immigration. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) young graduates in Russia keep on changing jobs from one company to another. Graduate engineers, for example, who miss decent engineering job opportunities either resort to alcoholism, other social ills or go about taking up job opportunities that hardly meet their needs. In this state of affairs, more and more prospective heads of households shy away from having large family sizes because of the cost implications of sustaining such families (Marshalle 56). The difficulty of securing a well paying job leaves most families or households very impoverished. People aged 40 years and above are finding it really hard to secure employment opportunities in Russia. This section of the Russian population is the age cohort that can be assumed by demographers to be the actively productive members of the society who have another high number of dependents (Marshalle 64-66). This explains the reason for household poverty that faces many Russian families. This economic reality conditions many potentially reproductive populations to limit the number of children that they are willing to raise. As a result, low fertility rates in Russia are to remain relatively stable as the population experiences a decline. The true picture of employment state of Russia is that there are specially trained personnel. Nevertheless, Russia faces a crisis of finding people who are ready and willing to take up the job opportunities where they work hard and get unacceptably low pays. Marshalle (64) cited that this makes many of the married couples and individuals in conjugal relationships to embrace active and consistent use of family planning methods and contraceptives to limit the risk of conception. However, this phenomenon adds to the already low fertility rates in Russia. Unemployment and poverty therefore contributes to the relatively stable pattern of population decline in Russia. Prospects for Change in the Russian Declining Population The negative change in the Russian population that ushered in a rapid decline from the early 1990s has slim chances of reversal for the better. The government population policies to enhance fertility rates and alter the relatively high mortality rates have not been very effective. The health-care system in Russia remains under-funded even in the post Soviet period. This implies that the high mortality rates in the countryside and the urban centers are not about to decline. The rise in the rate of infectious infections and diseases can thus not be altered. As a result, the Russian demographic dynamics are headed for the worse. Conclusion The Russian demographic dynamics and realities are alarming especially given the high mortality and low fertility rates. In order to change the rising decline in the Russian population, the Russian government must invest in the health-care system, development effective economic stimulus structures and programs to create more job opportunities. This will alleviate the household poverty situations in the Russian population. Improved household income will improve the reproductive and demographic realities in Russia. Buy custom Reasons for the Decrease in Russian Population essay